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JavaScript Essentials: How Rest Parameters and Spread Syntax Work
In the previous blog post, I mentioned Spread Syntax, which was introduced in the ES6 specification. It allows developers to write simpler and cleaner code. There's another method that uses a similar syntax, ..., but it does the opposite. Today, I'll discuss Rest Parameters and Spread Syntax. Rest Parameters Rest parameters allow you to collect all remaining arguments into a single array. Example function example(num1, num2, ...args) { console.log(args); // [3, 4, 5] } example(1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Spread Syntax Spread syntax allows an array or other iterable to be expanded into individual elements. Example 1: "Expand" the iterable object into a list of arguments function findMax(arr) { let maxNum = Math.max(...arr); console.log(maxNum); // 500 } findMax([200, 100, 500]); Example 2: Merge multiple arrays let arr1 = [1, 2, 3]; let arr2 = [4, 5, 6]; let arrCombined = [...arr1, ...arr2]; console.log(arrCombined); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]; Spread syntax can also be used to copy arrays and objects because it works on iterable elements. As I mentioned in a previous blog post, spread syntax operates similarly to a for..of loop, it processes each element of an array or object and copies it into a new array or object. This makes spread syntax a simpler alternative to methods like Object.assign({}, obj) for creating shallow copies. Clone Example let user = { name: "John", age: 30 }; let clone1 = Object.assign({}, user); console.log(clone1.name); // John console.log(clone1.age); // 30 let clone2 = {...user}; console.log(clone2.name); // John console.log(clone2.age); // 30 Note: Shallow Copy Limitation Spread syntax only creates a shallow copy, meaning it copies only the top-level properties of an object. If the object has nested objects, those nested objects are still referenced, not fully copied. For a deep copy, you can use modern methods like structuredClone.
In the previous blog post, I mentioned Spread Syntax, which was introduced in the ES6 specification. It allows developers to write simpler and cleaner code. There's another method that uses a similar syntax, ..., but it does the opposite. Today, I'll discuss Rest Parameters and Spread Syntax.
Rest Parameters
Rest parameters allow you to collect all remaining arguments into a single array.
Example
function example(num1, num2, ...args) {
console.log(args); // [3, 4, 5]
}
example(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
Spread Syntax
Spread syntax allows an array or other iterable to be expanded into individual elements.
Example 1: "Expand" the iterable object into a list of arguments
function findMax(arr) {
let maxNum = Math.max(...arr);
console.log(maxNum); // 500
}
findMax([200, 100, 500]);
Example 2: Merge multiple arrays
let arr1 = [1, 2, 3];
let arr2 = [4, 5, 6];
let arrCombined = [...arr1, ...arr2];
console.log(arrCombined); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
Spread syntax can also be used to copy arrays and objects because it works on iterable elements.
As I mentioned in a previous blog post, spread syntax operates similarly to a for..of loop, it processes each element of an array or object and copies it into a new array or object. This makes spread syntax a simpler alternative to methods like Object.assign({}, obj) for creating shallow copies.
Clone Example
let user = { name: "John", age: 30 };
let clone1 = Object.assign({}, user);
console.log(clone1.name); // John
console.log(clone1.age); // 30
let clone2 = {...user};
console.log(clone2.name); // John
console.log(clone2.age); // 30
Note: Shallow Copy Limitation
Spread syntax only creates a shallow copy, meaning it copies only the top-level properties of an object. If the object has nested objects, those nested objects are still referenced, not fully copied. For a deep copy, you can use modern methods like structuredClone.
